Dispute resolution by sector
How disputes are resolved in markets that run on their own rulebooks: crypto exchanges, prediction markets, insurance and financial markets. Each piece names the rules, the forums and the court decisions, with every fact linked to its source.
Crypto and digital assets
Guide, US, UK, EU, Arbitration, Complaints, Law and regulation
Crypto exchange arbitration: when you can sue, complain or arbitrate
The four ways a dispute with a crypto exchange gets resolved, its own complaint step, arbitration under the user agreement, court, and a regulator or ombudsman, and how the forum follows where you live.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
Coinbase arbitration: opt-outs, class waivers and how exchanges compare
What the biggest crypto exchanges’ user agreements say about arbitration, opt-outs and class-action waivers, and what two Supreme Court rulings changed.
Explainer, United Kingdom, United States, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arbitration, Law and regulation
Crypto arbitration: rules, property, tracing and enforcing awards
How businesses and investors arbitrate digital-asset disputes, which rules fit, what courts say about crypto as property and about freezing and tracing, and how awards are enforced.
Explainer, United States, United Kingdom, European Union, Singapore, Hong Kong, Complaints, Ombudsman schemes, Law and regulation
Where to Complain About a Crypto Exchange and What Each Regulator Can Do
A country-by-country guide to where crypto exchange and crypto-scam complaints go, what each regulator or ombudsman can do, and why most crypto complaints still have no ombudsman, as of 30 October 2026.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
How smart contract and DeFi disputes are resolved
What happens when the code goes wrong: the disputes code cannot settle, the off-chain and on-chain ways to resolve them, and what the law now says.
Prediction markets
Guide, United States, Arbitration, Complaints, Law and regulation
Prediction market disputes: who decides, and the fight over the rules
Prediction markets produce four kinds of dispute: with the platform, over an outcome, over market abuse, and over who may regulate them. This guide sets out who decides each and what is settled.
Explainer, United States, Arbitration, Law and regulation
Prediction market arbitration: how disputes get resolved
What US law makes a regulated prediction market offer for disputes, what the rulebooks and user agreements actually say, and the forums a trader can use.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
Prediction market resolution disputes: who decides and how to challenge
The two ways a prediction market gets its result, a regulated exchange’s rulebook or a crypto platform’s optimistic oracle, and what a user can do when the outcome is contested.
Explainer, United States, Law and regulation
Prediction market lawsuits: Kalshi, Polymarket, the CFTC and the states
Who is suing Kalshi and Polymarket, which courts have ruled and how, and the one question now before the Supreme Court: are sports event contracts federally regulated swaps?
Explainer, United States, Law and regulation
Prediction Market Insider Trading: The Law, the Rules and the Cases
Federal anti-fraud law can reach insider trading on prediction markets, but the rules were written for commodities and the hardest questions are still untested.
Insurance
Guide, Arbitration, Complaints, Law and regulation
Insurance arbitration: how policyholder and insurer claims get decided
The six kinds of insurance arbitration, who runs each, what a policyholder can and cannot be forced into, and where appraisal, ombudsmen and the courts fit.
Explainer, United States, Arbitration, Law and regulation
Are arbitration clauses in insurance policies enforceable?
The answer is yes, no, or it depends, on whether your state bars insurance arbitration and on whether a foreign insurer brings the New York Convention into play.
Explainer, United States, Arbitration, Law and regulation
The Insurance Appraisal Process for Property Claims, Explained
How the insurance appraisal process settles a dispute over the amount of a property loss, who the appraisers and umpire are, what it costs, and how it differs from arbitration.
Explainer, Ombudsman schemes, Complaints
Insurance ombudsman schemes and complaint routes around the world
Where to complain about an insurer, country by country: who runs each scheme, what it can award, whether its decision binds, and why the United States has none.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
How reinsurance arbitration works: panels, umpires and enforcement
How a reinsurance arbitration is set up and run, how US and London practice differ, and what a court will and will not review.
Financial markets
Guide, Arbitration, Ombudsman schemes, Law and regulation
Financial markets arbitration: who resolves which disputes
Which forum resolves a financial markets dispute, and why: securities at FINRA, futures at the NFA, derivatives by contract, and banking complaints through ombudsman schemes, with courts still deciding the rest.
Explainer, United States, Arbitration, Mediation, Law and regulation
FINRA arbitration, step by step: process, fees, panels and awards
How FINRA arbitration works from the statement of claim to the award: who must use it, what it costs, how panels are chosen, how long it takes, and what changed in 2025 and 2026.
Explainer, United States, Arbitration, Law and regulation
NFA Arbitration for Futures, Forex and Swaps Disputes
How the National Futures Association resolves futures, forex and swaps disputes: who must use it, what it costs, how it ends, and how it compares with CFTC reparations and FINRA.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
Derivatives arbitration: ISDA model clauses, seats and enforcement
When an arbitration clause beats the standard court clause in an ISDA Master Agreement, how to use the model clauses, which institutions and seats they cover, and what changed since 2013 and Brexit.
Explainer, Ombudsman schemes, Complaints
Financial Ombudsman Schemes: How to Complain, Country by Country
Where to take a complaint about your bank or adviser, country by country, how an ombudsman case runs, and why the United States works differently, as of 30 October 2026.
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