Running a dispute resolution institution
How arbitral institutions, mediation services, ombudsman schemes and membership bodies administer cases: their rules, fees, caseloads, governance and complaint handling.
Explainer, International, UK, UAE, US, Arbitration, Law and regulation
Who decides whether a tribunal can hear the case
A tribunal rules on its own jurisdiction, a centre can screen the case before the tribunal exists, and a court asks the same question again at the end.
Explainer, International, England and Wales, Arbitration, Law and regulation
The seat of the arbitration, and the place a hearing happens
The seat is a legal designation that travels with the award; the room the tribunal sits in is a case-management decision.
Explainer, International, UK, US, Arbitration, Law and regulation
How evidence is taken in an arbitration, and why it is not discovery
Evidence in an arbitration moves through the rulebook the parties adopted: under the IBA Rules, where they apply, a request to produce has to be narrow, relevant and material.
Explainer, International, US, UAE, Arbitration
Expedited and documents-only procedures
An expedited track is a branch of the rulebook: a figure or an agreement moves a case onto a shorter path, and the rules set what comes off it.
Explainer, US, Arbitration, Complaints, Law and regulation
How a consumer forum runs arbitration at volume
A US consumer forum commits its safeguards to rule form: a clause gate before intake, a capped filing fee, a public report where state law requires one, and a staged route when mass filings arrive.
Explainer, US, International, Arbitration
How an award is enforced, and when it can be challenged
An award is final by design: a court enforces it and reviews only how the case was run, on grounds the law keeps deliberately narrow.
Explainer, US, International, UAE, Arbitration
Who decides: appointing and challenging the tribunal
The parties choose who decides within the method the rules set; the institution steps in when that method fails, and an arbitrator can be challenged only on justifiable doubts about independence.
Explainer, UAE, International, Arbitration
Emergency arbitrators and interim relief
Some relief cannot wait for a tribunal to be formed, so the rules provide an emergency arbitrator, interim measures once the tribunal sits, and a parallel route to the courts.
Explainer, International, Ireland, Canada, Arbitration, Ombudsman schemes
Confidentiality, privacy and the published record
Privacy and confidentiality are not the same thing, and some schemes publish their decisions on purpose; each is a setting the rulebook makes.
Explainer, International, Mediation, Arbitration
How a mediation is administered
A mediator does not impose a decision, yet a mediation runs under a rulebook like any case, and since the Singapore Convention its settlement enforces across borders.
Explainer, UAE, International, Arbitration
Joinder and consolidation: one dispute, many parties
A dispute rarely fits one contract and two parties, so the rules give the institution two tools: joinder to add a party, and consolidation to merge related cases.
Guide, Arbitration, Mediation, Ombudsman schemes, Membership bodies
Administering a case on your own rulebook
The adopted rulebook, not a workflow built case by case, sets each step of a dispute: how it is appointed and timed, what it costs, and what goes on the record.
Explainer, UK, Ireland, Canada, Ombudsman schemes, Complaints
How an ombudsman scheme administers a complaint
The scheme rules, and the statute behind them, decide who gets in, how a complaint is judged, what the decision binds and what it costs.
Explainer, UAE, US, UK, Arbitration, Ombudsman schemes, Complaints
How a scheme sets the cost of a case
Across institutions the cost of a case is read off a published schedule, by the amount in dispute, not agreed case by case.
Explainer, US, UAE, UK, Arbitration, Ombudsman schemes, Complaints
Caseloads and turnaround: how many cases, and how long
Caseloads run from a few hundred institutional arbitrations to hundreds of thousands of complaints, and turnaround is a function of how a case is run.
Guide, UAE, International, Arbitration
How an institution runs a case, from filing to enforcement
A case moves through fixed steps the rules set, from the request for arbitration to an award a court will enforce.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
SCC and AI in arbitration: the 2024 Guide, the Rules and Swedish law
The SCC Arbitration Institute’s 2024 Guide permits AI in Stockholm-seated cases but keeps the decision with the tribunal. We read it against the SCC Rules, the Swedish Arbitration Act and the EU AI Act.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
VIAC and AI in arbitration: what its 2025 Note on AI says
What the Vienna International Arbitral Centre has published on AI in arbitration, who its Note is for, what to do in a VIAC case, and what the Vienna Rules and Austrian law add.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
ICC and AI in arbitration: what ICC has said, and what it has not
What the International Chamber of Commerce has published on AI in arbitration, what its AI task force is working on, how ICC uses AI itself and what is still open.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
LCIA and AI in arbitration: what the 2020 Rules allow and what comes next
What the London Court of International Arbitration has published and done on AI, and what its 2020 Rules and its rules revision mean for AI use.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
AAA and AI in arbitration: the AI arbitrator and AAA-ICDR’s guidance
What the American Arbitration Association and its international division have published and built on AI: the AI arbitrator and its rules, guidance for arbitrators, AAA’s other AI tools and how it governs its own AI.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation, Mediation
JAMS and AI in arbitration: its rules for disputes about AI systems
What JAMS’s rules for AI disputes cover and leave out, and what JAMS has said and done about AI use in its cases and its own services.
Explainer, Arbitration, Law and regulation
SIAC and AI in arbitration: what the 2025 Rules mean for AI use
What the Singapore International Arbitration Centre has published, built and hosted on AI, which SIAC Rules 2025 provisions bear on AI use, and what is still open.
Guide, Mediation, Ombudsman schemes, Complaints, Arbitration
AI in dispute resolution: who uses it, for what, and the rules that apply
How parties, mediators, institutions and ombudsman schemes use AI, how online tribunals handle it, and what mediation bodies, ODR standards and EU law say about it.
More from Research
- AIAI in law, legal tech, arbitration and dispute resolution: what rules, regulators and courts say, with a dated tracker of every published text.41 pieces
- Around the worldCountry by country: the laws, the institutions and their rules on AI, from the major seats to the fast-growing markets.17 pieces
- Arbitration weeksCity by city: what each arbitration week is, who runs it and when it runs, from New York and London to Dubai, Paris, Hong Kong and Singapore.7 pieces
- SectorsCrypto exchanges, prediction markets, insurance and financial markets: the rules, the forums and the court decisions.20 pieces
Spotted an error? Write to hello@spyrolex.com, and if we confirm it, we will correct the page and log the change.